Consequences of Spiritual Leadership: A Moderating Model of Organizational Performance

Authors

  • Farah Iqbal
  • Muqtader Zahra Zaidi

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51153/mf.v16i2.526

Keywords:

: Spiritual leadership, workplace spirituality, intrinsic motivation, knowledge sharing, creativity.

Abstract

Technology and globalization have made businesses highly competitive. The firms' survival depends on adopting new knowledge, developing innovative products, and shifting towards non-congenital strategies. We have developed a new model that focuses on spiritual leaders and a spiritual working environment. These two factors, directly and indirectly, contribute towards intrinsic motivation, knowledge sharing, and creativity. All these factors are significant drives of organizational performance and sustainability. We have collected the data from the banking sector based on a questionnaire adopted from earlier studies. We have distributed 450 questionnaires and received 427 questionnaires. The study found that spiritual leadership stimulates workplace spirituality and intrinsic motivation. At the same time, our result suggests that workplace spirituality and intrinsic motivation are precursors of knowledge sharing.  Intrinsic motivation and knowledge sharing are also antecedents to employee creativity. The study also found that organizational support moderates workplace spirituality. The contribution of this study is that it has used organizational support as a moderator between spiritual leadership and workplace spirituality.  

References

Afsar, B., Badir, Y., & Kiani, U. S. (2016). Linking spiritual leadership and employee pro-environmental behavior: The influence of workplace spirituality, intrinsic motivation, and environmental passion. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, 79-88.

Allameh, S. M., Khozani, M. K., & Baniasadi, B. (2020). Consequences of knowledge processes in small businesses: the role of knowledge acquisition, dynamic capabilities, knowledge sharing, and creativity. International Journal of Process Management and Benchmarking, 10(1), 48-68.

Arokiasamy, A., & Tat, H. (2020). Exploring the influence of transformational leadership on work engagement and workplace spirituality of academic employees in the private higher education institutions in Malaysia. Management Science Letters, 10(4), 855-864.

Asbari, M., Wijayanti, L. M., Hyun, C. C., Purwanto, A., & Santoso, P. B. (2019). Effect of Tacit and explicit knowledge sharing on teacher innovation capability. Dinamika Pendidikan, 14(2), 227-243.

Bayighomog, S. W., & Araslı, H. (2019). Workplace spirituality–customer engagement Nexus: the mediated role of spiritual leadership on customer–oriented boundary–spanning behaviors. The Service Industries Journal, 39(7-8), 637-661..

Carmines, E. G., & Zeller, R. A. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment. California: Sage publications.

Chin, W. W., & Newsted, P. R. (1999). Structural equation modeling analysis with small samples using partial least squares. Statistical strategies for small sample research, 1(1), 307-341.

Dupont, W. D., & Plummer Jr, W. D. (1998). Power and sample size calculations for studies involving linear regression. Controlled clinical trials, 19(6), 589-601.

Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L., & Rhoades, L. (2002). Perceived supervisor support: contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of applied psychology, 87(3), 565.

Fikri, M. A. A., Pramono, T., Nugroho, Y. A., Novitasari, D., & Asbari, M. (2021). Leadership Model in Pesantren: Managing Knowledge Sharing through Psychological Climate. International Journal of Social and Management Studies, 2(3), 149-160.

Fry, L. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 693-727

Fornell, C., Larcker, D.F., 1981. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research 18 (1), 39-50.

Gagné, M., Tian, A. W., Soo, C., Zhang, B., Ho, K. S. B., & Hosszu, K. (2019). Different motivations for knowledge sharing and hiding: The role of motivating work design. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(7), 783-799.

Garg, N. (2020). Promoting organizational performance in Indian insurance industry: The roles of workplace spirituality and organizational citizenship behavior. Global Business Review, 21(3), 834-849.

Garg, N. (2017). Workplace spirituality and employee wellbeing: An empirical exploration. Journal of Human Values, 23(2), 129-147.

Giacalone, R. A., & Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2003). Right from wrong: The influence of spirituality on perceptions of unethical business activities. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(1), 85-97.

Hair, J. F., Page, M., & Brunsveld, N. (2019). Essentials of Business Research Methods.: England, UK: Routledge.

Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed, a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152.

Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results, and higher acceptance. Long-range Planning, 46(1-2), 1-12.

Hahm, S. W. (2018). Roles of authentic leadership, psychological empowerment and intrinsic motivation on workers' creativity in e-business. Journal of Internet Computing and Services, 19(1), 113-122.

Hejase, H. J., Haddad, Z., Hamdar, B., Al Ali, R., Hejase, A. J., & Beyrouti, N. (2014). Knowledge sharing: Assessment of factors affecting employee motivation and behavior in the Lebanese organizations. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports,3(12) 1549-1593.

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(1), 115-135.

Hussain, S. T., Abbas, J., Lei, S., Jamal Haider, M., & Akram, T. (2017). Transactional leadership and organizational creativity: Examining the mediating role of knowledge sharing behavior. Cogent Business & Management, 4(1), 1361663.

Khari, C., & Sinha, S. (2017). Impact of workplace spirituality on knowledge sharing intention: A conceptual framework. Journal of Human Values, 23(1), 27-39.

Khari, C., & Sinha, S. (2018). Organizational spirituality and knowledge sharing: a model of multiple mediation. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 19(4), 337-348.

Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 11(4), 1-10.

Kremer, H., Villamor, I., & Aguinis, H. (2019). Innovation leadership: Best-practice recommendations for promoting employee creativity, voice, and knowledge sharing. Business Horizons, 62(1), 65-74.

Lee, J. (2018). The effects of knowledge sharing on individual creativity in higher education institutions: socio-technical view. Administrative Sciences, 8(2), 21-39

Ma, Z., Long, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., & Lam, C. K. (2017). Why do high-performance human resource practices matter for team creativity? The mediating role of collective efficacy and knowledge sharing. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 34(3), 565-586.

MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2012). Common method bias in marketing: Causes, mechanisms, and procedural remedies. Journal of retailing, 88(4), 542-555.

Malik, M. A. R., Choi, J. N., & Butt, A. N. (2019). Distinct effects of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic rewards on radical and incremental creativity: The moderating role of goal orientations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(9-10), 1013-1026.

Malone, P. F., & Fry, L. W. (2003). Transforming schools through spiritual leadership: A field experiment. Academy of Management {Avialable online: http://58.27.197.146:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1118/1/Spiritual%20Leadership.pdf

Men, C., Fong, P. S., Luo, J., Zhong, J., & Huo, W. (2019). When and how knowledge sharing benefits team creativity: The importance of cognitive team diversity. Journal of Management & Organization, 25(6), 807-824.

Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: An exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of organizational change management.16(4). 426-447

Mubashar, U. E. F., Salman, D. Y., Irfan, D. S., & Jabeen, P. D. N. (2020). Spiritual leadership in organizational context: A research gap in South Asia. South Asian Studies, 32(1), 205-218

Oh, J., & Wang, J. (2020). Spiritual leadership: Current status and Agenda for future research and practice. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 17(3), 223-248.

Otaye-Ebede, L., Shaffakat, S., & Foster, S. (2020). A multilevel model examining the relationships between workplace spirituality, ethical climate and outcomes: A social cognitive theory perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 166(3), 611-626.

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual review of psychology, 63, 539-569.

Rathee, R., & Rajain, P. (2020). Workplace spirituality: A comparative study of various models. Jindal Journal of Business Research, 9(1), 27-40.

Rogge, R. D., Daks, J. S., Dubler, B. A., & Saint, K. J. (2019). It's all about the process: Examining the convergent validity, conceptual coverage, unique predictive validity, and clinical utility of ACT process measures. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 14, 90-102.

Samul, J. (2020). Spiritual leadership: Meaning in the sustainable workplace. Sustainability, 12(1), 267-285

Sankar, H., & Suresh, M. (2018). Modelling the factors of workplace spirituality in healthcare organization. Int J Eng Technol (UAE), 7(2.33), 786-790.

Shafi, M., Lei, Z., Song, X., & Sarker, M. N. I. (2020). The effects of transformational leadership on employee creativity: Moderating role of intrinsic motivation. Asia Pacific Management Review, 25(3), 166-176.

Shao, Z., Feng, Y., & Wang, T. (2017). Charismatic leadership and tacit knowledge sharing in the context of enterprise systems learning: the mediating effect of psychological safety climate and intrinsic motivation. Behaviour & Information Technology, 36(2), 194-208.

Sheng, C. W., & Chen, M. C. (2012). Workplace spirituality scale design-The view of oriental culture. Business and Management Research, 1(4), 46-62.25). At work, I feel happy and satisfied.

Smith, G., Minor, M., & Brashen, H. (2018). Spiritual Leadership: A Guide to a Leadership Style That Embraces Multiple Perspectives. Journal of instructional research, 7, 80-89.

Supriyanto, A., Ekowati, V., & Maghfuroh, U. (2020). Do organizational citizenship behavior and work satisfaction mediates the relationship between spiritual leadership and employee performance?. Management Science Letters, 10(5), 1107-1114.

Tkaczynski, A., & Arli, D. (2018). Religious tourism and spiritual leadership development: Christian leadership conferences. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 35, 75-84.

Wasko, M. M., & Faraj, S. (2005). Why should I share? Examining social capital and knowledge contribution in electronic networks of practice. MIS Quarterly,29(1), 35-57.

Wu, Y., & Zhu, W. (2012). An integrated theoretical model for determinants of knowledge sharing behaviors. Kybernetes 41(10), 1462-1482.

Yang, M., & Fry, L. W. (2018). The role of spiritual leadership in reducing healthcare worker burnout. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 15(4), 305-324.

Yang, F., Liu, J., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Feeling energized: a multilevel model of spiritual leadership, leader integrity, relational energy, and job performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(4), 983-997.

Yuan, Y. H., Wu, M. H., Hu, M. L., & Lin, I. C. (2019). Teacher's Encouragement on Creativity, Intrinsic Motivation, and Creativity: The Mediating Role of Creative Process Engagement. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 53(3), 312-324.

Zhang, S. (2020). Workplace spirituality and unethical pro-organizational behavior: The mediating effect of job satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, 161(3), 687-705.

Zhang, X., Liu, S., Deng, Z., & Chen, X. (2017). Knowledge sharing motivations in online health communities: A comparative study of health professionals and normal users. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 797-810.

Zhang, X., Pi, Z., Li, C., & Hu, W. (2021). Intrinsic motivation enhances online group creativity via promoting members' effort, not interaction. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(2), 606-618.

Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2001). When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: encouraging the expression of voice. Acad. Manag. J, 44, 682-696.

Downloads

Published

2022-02-11